Section 5: Earnings - Compendium (2025) | Center for Research on Disability

This section presents statistics on earnings in the United States by disability status. The statistics describe the earnings of full-time, full-year workers with and without disabilities in the past 12 months, as well as differences (earnings gap) between these two populations. A person is considered a full-time, full-year worker if they worked 35 hours or more per week for 50 to 52 weeks in the past 12 months. Individuals who did not work in the last 12 months or who worked less than full-time, full-year are not included in these statistics. The principal source of these data is the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Statistics for people with disabilities (disability status) are based on having responded ‘yes’ to a series of questions (go to the glossary for more details). In addition, respondents are asked about total earnings. Earnings data is presented as percentiles (10%, 25%, 50% or median, average or mean, 75%, and 90%) because earnings tend to be heavily skewed. Skewed means that there are very high earners in the population which can disproportionately affect the average. By reporting the percentiles one can get a better understanding of the real distibution. This helps explain the impact of outliers on the reported earnings statistics.

For expanded statistics, please go to the Annual Disability Statistics Build Your Own Statistics site at https://www.researchondisability.org/collection/2025/build-stats.

Tables

Table 5.1: In 2023, for full-time, full-year workers with disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, median earnings were $48,937. In contrast, among full-time, full-year workers without disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, median earnings were $58,113, representing a median earnings gap of $-9,176. This earnings gap was lowest in state(s): Puerto Rico/PR, with a gap of $-1,427; and highest in state(s): District of Columbia/DC, with a gap of $-33,644. Table 5.1 Earnings - Annual Median Earnings Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

Table 5.2: In 2023, for full-time, full-year workers with disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, mean earnings were $62,286. In contrast, among full-time, full-year workers without disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, mean earnings were $78,602, representing a mean earnings gap of $-16,317. This earnings gap was lowest in state(s): Puerto Rico/PR, with a gap of $-4,525; and highest in state(s): District of Columbia/DC, with a gap of $-39,633. Table 5.2 Earnings - Annual Mean Earnings Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

Table 5.3: In 2023, for full-time, full-year workers with disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, earnings for lowest earners (10th Percentile) were $19,065. In contrast, among full-time, full-year workers without disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, earnings for lowest earners (10th Percentile) were $21,818, representing a earnings gap of $-2,753. This earnings gap was lowest in state(s): Montana/MT, with a gap of $4,282; and highest in state(s): Vermont/VT, with a gap of $-13,254. Table 5.3 Earnings - Annual Earnings for Lowest Earners (10th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

Table 5.4: In 2023, for full-time, full-year workers with disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, earnings for low earners (25th Percentile) were $30,586. In contrast, among full-time, full-year workers without disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, earnings for low earners (25th Percentile) were $36,703, representing a earnings gap of $-6,117. This earnings gap was lowest in state(s): Alabama/AL, with a gap of $-1,020; and highest in state(s): District of Columbia/DC, with a gap of $-15,293. Table 5.4 Earnings - Annual Earnings for Low Earners (25th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

Table 5.5: In 2023, for full-time, full-year workers with disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, earnings for high earners (75th Percentile) were $76,464. In contrast, among full-time, full-year workers without disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, earnings for high earners (75th Percentile) were $91,757, representing a earnings gap of $-15,293. This earnings gap was lowest in state(s): Wyoming/WY, with a gap of $0; and highest in state(s): District of Columbia/DC, with a gap of $-38,742. Table 5.5 Earnings - Annual Earnings for High Earners (75th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

Table 5.6: In 2023, for full-time, full-year workers with disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, earnings for highest earners (90th Percentile) were $112,147. In contrast, among full-time, full-year workers without disabilities ages 18-64 living in the community, earnings for highest earners (90th Percentile) were $147,830, representing a earnings gap of $-35,683. This earnings gap was lowest in state(s): Wyoming/WY, with a gap of $0; and highest in state(s): Massachusetts/MA, with a gap of $-67,288. Table 5.6 Earnings - Annual Earnings for Highest Earners (90th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

Kernel Density Plot of Annual Earnings Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 in the United States with and without Disability (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

The kernel density plot shows that people with disabilities typically make less, even across all earnings levels. The bell shaped curves show how common earnings levels are for the analyzed populations. The horizontal (left to right) axis shows earnings, between 1 thousand (10³) to 1 million (10⁶), and the height of the curve indicates how common the corresponding earning level is. Stated another way, the higher the curve is above an earnings level, the more people observed at that level. The chart shows also the median, 10th percentile, and 90th percentile as vertical (bottom to top) lines. These values can be found in Tables 5.1, 5.3, and 5.6.

Table 5.1 Earnings - Annual Median Earnings Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

State	Total		Disability		No Disability		Gap $	P-Value
Table 5.1 Earnings - Annual Median Earnings Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023
State	$	ME$	$	ME$	$	ME$	Gap $	P-Value
U.S.	57,093	1,020	48,937	1,427	58,113	1,020	−9,176	0.00
Alabama	50,976	2,039	45,878	5,098	50,976	2,039	−5,098	0.02
Alaska	61,171	5,098	57,093	16,312	61,171	5,098	−4,078	0.85
Arizona	55,054	1,020	48,937	3,059	56,073	2,039	−7,137	0.00
Arkansas	45,878	2,549	38,232	2,549	46,898	2,039	−8,666	0.00
California	63,210	2,039	55,054	2,039	63,210	2,039	−8,156	0.00
Colorado	65,249	2,039	53,015	3,059	66,269	3,059	−13,254	0.00
Connecticut	70,347	2,039	53,015	8,156	71,366	3,059	−18,351	0.00
Delaware	59,132	3,059	48,937	9,380	61,171	5,098	−12,234	0.00
District of Columbia	101,952	8,156	68,308	29,566	101,952	9,176	−33,644	0.01
Florida	50,976	2,039	46,898	3,059	50,976	2,039	−4,078	0.00
Georgia	50,976	2,039	45,878	3,059	53,015	2,039	−7,137	0.00
Hawaii	58,113	3,059	50,976	10,195	59,132	3,059	−8,156	0.07
Idaho	50,976	3,059	47,713	5,913	51,995	3,059	−4,282	0.00
Illinois	61,171	2,039	50,976	5,098	61,171	2,039	−10,195	0.00
Indiana	50,976	2,039	43,330	2,549	53,015	2,039	−9,685	0.00
Iowa	53,015	2,039	45,878	5,098	53,015	3,059	−7,137	0.00
Kansas	50,976	2,039	45,878	5,098	50,976	2,039	−5,098	0.00
Kentucky	50,976	2,039	42,820	3,059	50,976	2,039	−8,156	0.00
Louisiana	48,937	2,039	40,781	6,015	49,956	1,020	−9,176	0.00
Maine	56,073	4,078	45,878	5,098	56,073	5,098	−10,195	0.00
Maryland	69,327	2,039	61,171	5,098	69,327	2,039	−8,156	0.00
Massachusetts	76,464	3,059	57,093	4,078	76,464	3,059	−19,371	0.00
Michigan	56,073	1,020	44,859	3,059	56,073	1,020	−11,215	0.00
Minnesota	61,171	3,059	50,976	5,098	63,210	3,059	−12,234	0.00
Mississippi	44,349	1,529	39,761	4,078	45,878	3,059	−6,117	0.00
Missouri	51,995	1,020	42,718	3,161	53,015	2,039	−10,297	0.00
Montana	50,976	4,078	46,388	5,607	50,976	4,078	−4,588	0.12
Nebraska	54,034	2,039	45,471	4,690	55,054	2,039	−9,583	0.00
Nevada	50,976	2,039	46,490	4,486	50,976	2,039	−4,486	0.01
New Hampshire	63,210	3,059	50,976	5,098	64,230	3,059	−13,254	0.00
New Jersey	71,366	2,039	58,113	3,059	71,366	2,039	−13,254	0.00
New Mexico	49,956	2,039	40,781	5,607	50,976	3,059	−10,195	0.00
New York	65,249	1,020	53,015	3,059	66,269	2,039	−13,254	0.00
North Carolina	51,995	1,020	45,878	4,996	53,015	2,039	−7,137	0.00
North Dakota	56,073	5,098	48,937	7,137	56,073	5,098	−7,137	0.22
Ohio	56,073	1,020	45,878	3,059	56,073	1,020	−10,195	0.00
Oklahoma	47,917	2,039	41,800	3,059	48,937	2,039	−7,137	0.00
Oregon	61,171	2,039	45,878	5,098	61,171	3,059	−15,293	0.00
Pennsylvania	58,113	1,020	46,898	4,078	60,152	1,020	−13,254	0.00
Rhode Island	63,210	3,059	61,171	11,215	64,230	3,059	−3,059	0.28
South Carolina	50,976	2,039	45,878	5,098	50,976	2,039	−5,098	0.00
South Dakota	50,976	3,059	43,839	7,137	50,976	3,059	−7,137	0.03
Tennessee	50,976	2,039	45,878	3,059	50,976	2,039	−5,098	0.00
Texas	53,015	1,020	47,917	2,039	53,015	1,020	−5,098	0.00
Utah	61,171	3,059	48,937	3,059	61,171	3,059	−12,234	0.00
Vermont	58,113	3,059	49,549	11,623	59,132	2,039	−9,583	0.03
Virginia	62,191	2,039	54,034	3,059	63,210	2,039	−9,176	0.00
Washington	71,366	2,039	61,171	5,098	71,366	2,039	−10,195	0.00
West Virginia	50,976	2,039	40,781	5,098	50,976	2,039	−10,195	0.00
Wisconsin	56,073	2,039	47,408	3,568	56,073	2,039	−8,666	0.00
Wyoming	51,995	4,078	40,781	15,293	53,015	4,078	−12,234	0.21
Puerto Rico	25,488	1,020	24,061	1,529	25,488	1,020	−1,427	0.02
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. A person is considered a full-time, full-year worker if they worked 35 hours of more per week for 50 to 52 weeks in the past 12 months. Rank Score test p-values are based on the wage gap. The smaller the p-value, the more certain the estimated gap is different than zero.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 5.1). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 5.2 Earnings - Annual Mean Earnings Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

State	Total		Disability		No Disability		Gap $	P-Value
Table 5.2 Earnings - Annual Mean Earnings Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023
State	$	ME$	$	ME$	$	ME$	Gap $	P-Value
U.S.	77,633	175	62,286	621	78,602	181	−16,317	0.00
Alabama	63,308	1,186	58,667	3,847	63,657	1,305	−4,990	0.02
Alaska	79,843	5,215	69,139	10,961	80,890	5,581	−11,751	0.05
Arizona	73,550	1,385	61,148	3,626	74,414	1,476	−13,267	0.00
Arkansas	60,434	1,647	47,482	3,660	61,521	1,741	−14,039	0.00
California	89,992	628	73,942	2,300	90,776	656	−16,834	0.00
Colorado	86,289	1,321	69,114	5,187	87,340	1,367	−18,226	0.00
Connecticut	93,684	2,092	67,551	5,336	95,050	2,135	−27,499	0.00
Delaware	75,764	4,030	57,218	8,157	77,195	4,151	−19,977	0.00
District of Columbia	128,228	5,425	90,789	17,820	130,422	5,573	−39,633	0.00
Florida	70,336	780	61,056	2,213	70,855	806	−9,799	0.00
Georgia	71,766	817	61,097	2,857	72,497	799	−11,400	0.00
Hawaii	70,769	2,475	65,651	10,896	71,091	2,419	−5,440	0.32
Idaho	65,526	1,680	54,014	4,591	66,471	1,807	−12,457	0.00
Illinois	81,505	994	63,640	2,885	82,511	1,007	−18,870	0.00
Indiana	67,001	1,067	54,466	2,872	67,835	1,113	−13,369	0.00
Iowa	65,918	1,613	53,779	3,232	66,733	1,719	−12,954	0.00
Kansas	66,187	1,569	55,665	4,005	66,949	1,625	−11,284	0.00
Kentucky	63,742	1,309	55,566	5,020	64,439	1,376	−8,873	0.00
Louisiana	63,673	1,310	53,865	3,940	64,441	1,395	−10,576	0.00
Maine	70,097	2,641	55,416	7,940	71,107	2,905	−15,691	0.00
Maryland	86,883	1,280	77,961	5,211	87,374	1,307	−9,413	0.00
Massachusetts	100,440	1,589	71,374	4,113	101,940	1,648	−30,567	0.00
Michigan	71,167	885	57,733	3,851	72,031	935	−14,299	0.00
Minnesota	79,682	1,443	60,839	3,817	80,701	1,489	−19,862	0.00
Mississippi	56,117	1,173	44,897	3,193	57,101	1,250	−12,204	0.00
Missouri	68,043	1,015	53,619	3,006	69,065	1,129	−15,446	0.00
Montana	64,696	2,723	55,095	6,282	65,556	2,974	−10,461	0.01
Nebraska	69,693	2,730	54,902	5,292	70,738	2,873	−15,836	0.00
Nevada	68,640	1,396	55,954	3,285	69,635	1,444	−13,682	0.00
New Hampshire	83,149	2,762	65,840	6,861	84,320	2,948	−18,480	0.00
New Jersey	95,568	978	79,324	6,241	96,329	1,015	−17,005	0.00
New Mexico	63,775	1,734	54,778	6,244	64,604	1,892	−9,826	0.01
New York	91,703	960	72,443	4,197	92,675	1,004	−20,232	0.00
North Carolina	71,281	785	60,296	2,909	71,942	789	−11,646	0.00
North Dakota	67,919	2,754	55,889	6,939	68,775	3,004	−12,886	0.00
Ohio	71,004	832	55,360	2,203	72,068	848	−16,709	0.00
Oklahoma	62,676	1,529	54,765	5,610	63,506	1,546	−8,741	0.00
Oregon	78,370	1,615	59,490	4,639	79,669	1,645	−20,179	0.00
Pennsylvania	75,931	1,020	57,298	2,275	77,159	1,082	−19,860	0.00
Rhode Island	80,314	3,545	72,277	9,684	80,826	3,631	−8,550	0.09
South Carolina	67,258	1,284	53,678	2,505	68,235	1,393	−14,557	0.00
South Dakota	66,429	4,340	60,312	15,636	66,863	4,553	−6,551	0.43
Tennessee	66,477	1,019	57,783	3,424	67,057	1,111	−9,275	0.00
Texas	72,429	517	60,314	1,955	73,278	539	−12,964	0.00
Utah	75,913	1,568	59,555	4,588	77,024	1,723	−17,468	0.00
Vermont	70,581	2,958	56,280	8,882	71,461	3,135	−15,182	0.00
Virginia	85,269	1,130	71,332	4,804	86,145	1,112	−14,813	0.00
Washington	96,038	1,470	74,344	3,551	97,610	1,528	−23,266	0.00
West Virginia	62,063	1,817	47,268	2,939	63,377	2,013	−16,108	0.00
Wisconsin	70,630	1,280	56,046	3,208	71,497	1,341	−15,451	0.00
Wyoming	60,938	3,039	54,215	5,950	61,471	3,164	−7,256	0.02
Puerto Rico	36,402	1,090	32,267	3,880	36,793	1,157	−4,525	0.03
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. A person is considered a full-time, full-year worker if they worked 35 hours of more per week for 50 to 52 weeks in the past 12 months. T-test p-values are based on the wage gap. The smaller the p-value, the more certain the estimated gap is different than zero.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 5.2). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 5.3 Earnings - Annual Earnings for Lowest Earners (10th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

State	Total		Disability		No Disability		Gap $	P-Value
Table 5.3 Earnings - Annual Earnings for Lowest Earners (10th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023
State	$	ME$	$	ME$	$	ME$	Gap $	P-Value
U.S.	21,410	612	19,065	714	21,818	408	−2,753	0.00
Alabama	18,351	2,039	18,351	4,078	18,351	2,039	0	0.55
Alaska	25,998	4,588	24,468	23,653	25,998	5,607	−1,529	0.63
Arizona	22,124	1,733	17,434	5,200	22,429	2,039	−4,996	0.02
Arkansas	20,390	1,631	15,293	6,321	20,390	2,039	−5,098	0.02
California	22,327	918	19,575	3,262	22,429	1,020	−2,855	0.00
Colorado	25,896	1,631	24,468	4,078	26,507	2,039	−2,039	0.10
Connecticut	25,488	2,039	20,390	8,156	26,507	2,039	−6,117	0.00
Delaware	21,410	3,059	19,371	7,137	22,429	3,059	−3,059	0.42
District of Columbia	36,703	4,078	30,586	15,293	38,232	2,549	−7,646	0.06
Florida	20,390	1,020	20,288	1,937	20,390	1,020	−102	0.30
Georgia	20,288	1,223	18,351	2,039	20,390	1,020	−2,039	0.15
Hawaii	21,104	3,364	18,555	18,555	21,410	3,059	−2,855	0.43
Idaho	20,390	2,039	19,575	7,341	20,390	2,039	−816	0.84
Illinois	24,468	1,020	20,390	2,039	25,488	1,020	−5,098	0.00
Indiana	23,245	1,223	20,390	3,059	23,449	1,020	−3,059	0.08
Iowa	20,390	3,059	15,395	8,054	20,594	2,855	−5,200	0.11
Kansas	20,390	2,039	19,371	6,117	20,390	2,039	−1,020	0.19
Kentucky	20,390	1,631	18,351	3,059	20,390	2,039	−2,039	0.11
Louisiana	15,293	2,039	14,273	4,078	15,293	2,039	−1,020	0.38
Maine	23,449	3,059	22,735	22,735	24,468	2,039	−1,733	0.20
Maryland	25,488	2,039	24,468	3,262	25,488	1,937	−1,020	0.65
Massachusetts	30,586	1,529	20,390	5,098	30,586	1,733	−10,195	0.00
Michigan	22,429	1,427	16,312	4,078	23,449	1,020	−7,137	0.00
Minnesota	25,998	1,529	24,468	4,078	26,507	2,039	−2,039	0.09
Mississippi	15,293	2,039	12,234	3,059	15,293	2,039	−3,059	0.06
Missouri	23,449	1,020	21,206	4,894	23,857	918	−2,651	0.03
Montana	15,293	5,098	19,575	8,360	15,293	5,098	4,282	0.23
Nebraska	21,512	2,957	20,390	5,098	22,022	2,447	−1,631	0.73
Nevada	20,798	1,631	20,390	4,078	21,410	1,529	−1,020	0.36
New Hampshire	26,507	3,976	26,507	11,215	26,507	3,976	0	0.78
New Jersey	25,488	1,121	23,041	4,180	25,488	1,223	−2,447	0.21
New Mexico	19,575	1,223	17,332	10,195	20,390	2,039	−3,059	0.37
New York	25,488	1,020	20,390	4,078	25,488	1,020	−5,098	0.00
North Carolina	20,390	1,631	16,618	4,384	20,390	1,631	−3,772	0.00
North Dakota	20,696	4,792	17,434	17,434	21,206	4,282	−3,772	0.62
Ohio	23,449	1,020	20,390	2,957	24,468	1,020	−4,078	0.00
Oklahoma	18,351	1,223	18,351	2,141	18,351	2,039	0	0.93
Oregon	24,468	1,020	20,390	4,078	24,468	1,020	−4,078	0.00
Pennsylvania	24,468	1,020	19,575	3,262	24,468	1,020	−4,894	0.00
Rhode Island	28,547	3,059	27,527	5,098	28,648	3,161	−1,121	0.52
South Carolina	20,390	1,631	10,807	4,486	20,390	1,631	−9,583	0.00
South Dakota	20,390	4,078	9,583	9,583	20,390	4,078	−10,807	0.02
Tennessee	20,390	1,631	20,390	2,549	20,390	1,733	0	0.86
Texas	18,351	1,020	15,293	2,039	18,351	1,020	−3,059	0.00
Utah	25,488	2,651	21,410	4,078	25,488	3,059	−4,078	0.05
Vermont	25,488	4,894	15,293	15,293	28,547	3,568	−13,254	0.04
Virginia	24,468	1,020	20,390	4,078	24,468	1,020	−4,078	0.00
Washington	27,935	1,427	19,371	5,098	28,547	2,039	−9,176	0.00
West Virginia	21,410	2,039	16,516	3,874	22,429	2,039	−5,913	0.01
Wisconsin	25,488	1,937	20,390	5,098	25,488	1,937	−5,098	0.00
Wyoming	18,555	6,321	20,390	6,525	18,555	6,321	1,835	0.39
Puerto Rico	10,909	1,631	7,341	7,341	11,215	1,427	−3,874	0.22
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. A person is considered a full-time, full-year worker if they worked 35 hours of more per week for 50 to 52 weeks in the past 12 months. Rank Score test p-values are based on the wage gap. The smaller the p-value, the more certain the estimated gap is different than zero.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 5.3). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 5.4 Earnings - Annual Earnings for Low Earners (25th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

State	Total		Disability		No Disability		Gap $	P-Value
Table 5.4 Earnings - Annual Earnings for Low Earners (25th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023
State	$	ME$	$	ME$	$	ME$	Gap $	P-Value
U.S.	36,193	510	30,586	1,020	36,703	510	−6,117	0.00
Alabama	30,586	1,223	29,566	3,059	30,586	1,223	−1,020	0.03
Alaska	40,781	5,098	37,314	6,729	40,781	5,098	−3,466	0.19
Arizona	36,703	1,529	32,013	3,670	36,703	1,631	−4,690	0.00
Arkansas	30,586	1,529	25,488	4,792	30,789	1,835	−5,301	0.00
California	37,110	612	34,664	2,039	37,722	1,020	−3,059	0.00
Colorado	40,781	2,039	36,703	3,568	41,800	1,020	−5,098	0.00
Connecticut	40,883	1,937	32,625	6,117	42,412	1,937	−9,787	0.00
Delaware	35,683	2,039	30,586	5,098	35,989	2,141	−5,403	0.03
District of Columbia	61,171	5,098	45,878	15,293	61,171	6,117	−15,293	0.05
Florida	32,625	1,020	30,586	2,039	32,625	1,020	−2,039	0.02
Georgia	33,644	1,020	30,586	2,039	33,950	1,020	−3,364	0.00
Hawaii	37,722	3,059	31,197	5,709	38,334	2,651	−7,137	0.01
Idaho	34,664	1,020	30,586	4,078	35,173	1,529	−4,588	0.01
Illinois	39,251	1,325	32,625	3,059	39,761	1,020	−7,137	0.00
Indiana	35,683	1,020	31,299	1,325	35,683	1,020	−4,384	0.00
Iowa	36,703	1,529	31,605	4,078	36,703	1,733	−5,098	0.01
Kansas	35,683	1,020	30,586	4,078	35,683	1,020	−5,098	0.00
Kentucky	32,625	1,325	28,547	2,039	33,644	1,325	−5,098	0.00
Louisiana	30,586	1,631	25,488	3,874	30,586	2,039	−5,098	0.01
Maine	39,149	1,631	33,644	5,098	39,761	1,631	−6,117	0.03
Maryland	40,781	2,039	38,742	3,059	40,781	2,039	−2,039	0.00
Massachusetts	46,592	1,325	36,295	4,486	47,917	2,039	−11,623	0.00
Michigan	36,091	612	30,586	3,059	36,703	1,020	−6,117	0.00
Minnesota	42,616	1,835	35,683	3,059	42,820	2,039	−7,137	0.00
Mississippi	28,547	1,835	25,488	3,059	29,362	1,223	−3,874	0.00
Missouri	35,683	1,020	30,586	2,039	35,683	1,020	−5,098	0.00
Montana	32,217	1,631	30,586	5,098	32,625	3,059	−2,039	0.55
Nebraska	35,683	1,427	30,586	6,117	36,091	1,631	−5,505	0.02
Nevada	35,275	1,325	30,586	3,364	35,683	1,020	−5,098	0.01
New Hampshire	40,781	3,059	38,130	2,651	42,412	2,447	−4,282	0.02
New Jersey	40,781	1,733	35,683	2,447	41,087	1,631	−5,403	0.00
New Mexico	30,586	2,039	26,711	3,262	30,586	2,039	−3,874	0.02
New York	40,781	1,631	34,664	2,039	40,781	1,631	−6,117	0.00
North Carolina	34,969	714	30,586	3,059	35,683	1,020	−5,098	0.00
North Dakota	38,742	2,039	33,644	8,156	38,742	2,039	−5,098	0.11
Ohio	36,703	1,020	30,586	2,039	37,212	510	−6,627	0.00
Oklahoma	30,586	1,529	29,362	2,855	30,586	2,039	−1,223	0.00
Oregon	38,742	1,631	30,586	5,098	40,169	1,427	−9,583	0.00
Pennsylvania	38,742	1,020	32,625	2,039	38,742	1,020	−6,117	0.00
Rhode Island	41,392	1,937	33,644	7,137	42,412	2,141	−8,768	0.05
South Carolina	33,440	1,223	30,586	2,855	33,644	1,631	−3,059	0.00
South Dakota	35,683	3,059	26,507	7,137	35,683	3,059	−9,176	0.02
Tennessee	33,644	1,020	30,586	2,447	34,256	816	−3,670	0.00
Texas	31,809	816	28,547	2,039	32,625	1,020	−4,078	0.00
Utah	38,742	2,039	33,644	3,059	39,251	1,529	−5,607	0.01
Vermont	40,781	2,651	30,586	8,258	40,781	2,651	−10,195	0.01
Virginia	39,761	1,020	32,625	3,059	40,781	1,835	−8,156	0.00
Washington	44,859	1,020	36,703	4,078	45,878	1,427	−9,176	0.00
West Virginia	32,625	2,039	27,527	3,059	32,625	2,039	−5,098	0.00
Wisconsin	40,781	1,631	33,746	2,141	40,781	1,631	−7,035	0.00
Wyoming	34,664	3,059	30,586	6,117	35,683	3,364	−5,098	0.01
Puerto Rico	18,045	306	16,312	1,631	18,147	204	−1,835	0.01
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. A person is considered a full-time, full-year worker if they worked 35 hours of more per week for 50 to 52 weeks in the past 12 months. Rank Score test p-values are based on the wage gap. The smaller the p-value, the more certain the estimated gap is different than zero.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 5.4). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 5.5 Earnings - Annual Earnings for High Earners (75th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

State	Total		Disability		No Disability		Gap $	P-Value
Table 5.5 Earnings - Annual Earnings for High Earners (75th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023
State	$	ME$	$	ME$	$	ME$	Gap $	P-Value
U.S.	91,757	1,020	76,464	2,039	91,757	1,020	−15,293	0.00
Alabama	76,464	4,078	73,405	7,137	76,464	4,078	−3,059	0.11
Alaska	96,854	5,098	83,600	28,547	96,854	5,098	−13,254	0.26
Arizona	86,659	3,059	76,464	5,098	86,659	4,078	−10,195	0.00
Arkansas	71,366	4,078	57,093	7,137	71,366	4,078	−14,273	0.00
California	106,030	2,039	91,757	5,098	107,049	3,059	−15,293	0.00
Colorado	101,952	4,078	81,561	8,156	101,952	4,078	−20,390	0.00
Connecticut	101,952	4,078	82,581	9,176	102,971	4,078	−20,390	0.00
Delaware	91,757	7,137	66,269	15,293	91,757	6,117	−25,488	0.00
District of Columbia	152,928	10,195	114,186	54,034	152,928	10,195	−38,742	0.04
Florida	81,561	3,059	73,405	3,059	81,561	3,059	−8,156	0.00
Georgia	85,640	2,039	73,405	3,059	86,659	2,039	−13,254	0.00
Hawaii	88,698	3,059	81,561	10,195	91,757	5,098	−10,195	0.00
Idaho	79,522	3,059	66,269	10,195	81,561	5,098	−15,293	0.00
Illinois	96,854	3,059	80,542	4,078	96,854	3,059	−16,312	0.00
Indiana	79,522	2,039	65,249	4,078	81,561	3,059	−16,312	0.00
Iowa	77,483	3,059	66,269	5,098	79,522	2,039	−13,254	0.00
Kansas	81,561	5,098	69,327	7,137	81,561	5,098	−12,234	0.00
Kentucky	76,464	4,078	66,269	5,098	76,464	4,078	−10,195	0.00
Louisiana	76,464	3,059	67,288	6,117	76,464	3,059	−9,176	0.00
Maine	81,561	5,098	61,171	10,195	81,561	5,098	−20,390	0.00
Maryland	110,108	3,059	99,913	9,176	111,127	3,059	−11,215	0.00
Massachusetts	119,284	3,059	88,698	8,156	122,342	5,098	−33,644	0.00
Michigan	86,659	3,059	69,327	7,137	86,659	3,059	−17,332	0.00
Minnesota	91,757	4,078	73,405	8,156	92,776	4,078	−19,371	0.00
Mississippi	68,308	3,059	57,093	4,078	70,347	3,059	−13,254	0.00
Missouri	81,561	4,078	66,269	5,098	81,561	4,078	−15,293	0.00
Montana	80,542	4,078	65,249	11,215	81,561	5,098	−16,312	0.01
Nebraska	79,522	2,039	71,366	7,137	81,561	5,098	−10,195	0.00
Nevada	81,561	3,059	71,366	6,117	81,561	3,059	−10,195	0.00
New Hampshire	101,952	6,117	76,464	15,293	101,952	6,117	−25,488	0.00
New Jersey	112,147	5,098	96,854	8,156	114,186	3,059	−17,332	0.00
New Mexico	78,503	3,059	71,366	9,176	79,522	3,059	−8,156	0.02
New York	101,952	3,059	85,640	4,078	101,952	3,059	−16,312	0.00
North Carolina	83,600	3,059	74,425	5,098	84,620	2,039	−10,195	0.00
North Dakota	81,561	5,098	73,405	13,254	81,561	6,117	−8,156	0.34
Ohio	81,561	3,059	67,288	4,078	83,600	2,039	−16,312	0.00
Oklahoma	73,405	3,059	61,171	5,098	76,464	4,078	−15,293	0.00
Oregon	94,815	3,059	71,366	8,156	96,854	2,039	−25,488	0.00
Pennsylvania	90,737	1,020	71,366	5,098	91,757	3,059	−20,390	0.00
Rhode Island	96,854	5,098	81,561	23,449	96,854	5,098	−15,293	0.19
South Carolina	77,483	3,059	71,366	5,098	79,522	2,039	−8,156	0.00
South Dakota	71,366	5,098	68,308	19,371	71,366	5,098	−3,059	0.47
Tennessee	77,483	2,039	69,327	4,078	78,503	3,059	−9,176	0.00
Texas	86,659	2,039	74,425	3,059	86,659	2,039	−12,234	0.00
Utah	91,757	5,098	76,464	10,195	91,757	5,098	−15,293	0.00
Vermont	81,561	7,137	71,366	30,586	81,561	7,137	−10,195	0.12
Virginia	103,991	3,059	88,698	7,137	106,030	3,059	−17,332	0.00
Washington	112,147	5,098	94,815	5,098	115,206	3,059	−20,390	0.00
West Virginia	76,464	5,098	61,171	8,156	76,464	5,098	−15,293	0.00
Wisconsin	81,561	4,078	66,269	5,098	81,561	4,078	−15,293	0.00
Wyoming	80,542	4,078	80,542	10,195	80,542	4,078	0	0.95
Puerto Rico	41,392	1,835	36,703	4,078	41,800	2,039	−5,098	0.00
Notes: Author’s calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. A person is considered a full-time, full-year worker if they worked 35 hours of more per week for 50 to 52 weeks in the past 12 months. Rank Score test p-values are based on the wage gap. The smaller the p-value, the more certain the estimated gap is different than zero.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 5.5). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 5.6 Earnings - Annual Earnings for Highest Earners (90th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023

State	Total		Disability		No Disability		Gap $	P-Value
Table 5.6 Earnings - Annual Earnings for Highest Earners (90th Percentile) Full-Time, Full-Year Civilian Workers Ages 18-64 with and without Disabilities (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars): 2023
State	$	ME$	$	ME$	$	ME$	Gap $	P-Value
U.S.	144,772	2,039	112,147	4,078	147,830	2,039	−35,683	0.00
Alabama	113,166	5,098	107,049	13,254	114,186	6,117	−7,137	0.44
Alaska	142,733	20,390	122,342	61,171	147,830	18,351	−25,488	0.04
Arizona	132,537	7,137	112,147	10,195	134,576	7,137	−22,429	0.00
Arkansas	107,049	5,098	90,737	11,215	110,108	8,156	−19,371	0.00
California	182,494	4,078	145,791	8,156	183,513	5,098	−37,722	0.00
Colorado	158,025	5,098	122,342	20,390	163,123	8,156	−40,781	0.00
Connecticut	163,123	10,195	138,654	16,312	168,220	10,195	−29,566	0.00
Delaware	142,733	10,195	101,952	39,761	142,733	10,195	−40,781	0.00
District of Columbia	229,392	22,429	203,904	239,587	233,470	21,410	−29,566	0.30
Florida	129,479	3,059	107,049	10,195	132,537	5,098	−25,488	0.00
Georgia	132,537	5,098	106,030	16,312	135,596	3,059	−29,566	0.00
Hawaii	127,440	6,117	108,069	34,664	127,440	5,098	−19,371	0.07
Idaho	120,303	8,156	91,757	15,293	122,342	10,195	−30,586	0.00
Illinois	149,869	3,059	113,166	9,176	152,928	6,117	−39,761	0.00
Indiana	118,264	4,078	95,835	7,137	122,342	5,098	−26,507	0.00
Iowa	112,147	8,156	99,913	13,254	112,147	8,156	−12,234	0.00
Kansas	120,303	4,078	101,952	15,293	122,342	5,098	−20,390	0.00
Kentucky	112,147	6,117	101,952	15,293	112,147	6,117	−10,195	0.00
Louisiana	118,264	6,117	101,952	20,390	122,342	5,098	−20,390	0.01
Maine	122,342	8,156	96,854	25,488	122,342	10,195	−25,488	0.00
Maryland	161,084	3,059	146,811	16,312	163,123	5,098	−16,312	0.04
Massachusetts	192,689	7,137	127,440	15,293	194,728	9,176	−67,288	0.00
Michigan	127,440	5,098	103,991	10,195	129,479	3,059	−25,488	0.00
Minnesota	137,635	5,098	101,952	14,273	141,713	5,098	−39,761	0.00
Mississippi	101,952	5,098	81,561	14,273	101,952	6,117	−20,390	0.00
Missouri	122,342	5,098	95,835	8,156	122,342	5,098	−26,507	0.00
Montana	122,342	10,195	101,952	40,781	122,342	10,195	−20,390	0.14
Nebraska	122,342	5,098	97,874	16,312	122,342	5,098	−24,468	0.00
Nevada	122,342	5,098	97,874	7,137	122,342	5,098	−24,468	0.00
New Hampshire	152,928	11,215	108,069	19,371	152,928	12,234	−44,859	0.00
New Jersey	183,513	9,176	149,869	16,312	183,513	9,176	−33,644	0.00
New Mexico	122,342	10,195	107,049	15,293	122,342	10,195	−15,293	0.04
New York	168,220	5,098	132,537	17,332	173,318	5,098	−40,781	0.00
North Carolina	132,537	5,098	112,147	10,195	132,537	5,098	−20,390	0.00
North Dakota	122,342	10,195	97,874	29,566	122,342	10,195	−24,468	0.12
Ohio	122,342	5,098	98,893	7,137	122,342	5,098	−23,449	0.00
Oklahoma	111,127	5,098	98,893	12,234	112,147	6,117	−13,254	0.00
Oregon	142,733	8,156	103,991	18,351	144,772	8,156	−40,781	0.00
Pennsylvania	134,576	3,059	101,952	11,215	137,635	5,098	−35,683	0.00
Rhode Island	139,674	13,254	133,557	39,761	141,713	11,215	−8,156	0.31
South Carolina	122,342	5,098	96,854	5,098	122,342	5,098	−25,488	0.00
South Dakota	107,049	5,098	98,893	69,327	108,069	7,137	−9,176	0.41
Tennessee	122,342	5,098	101,952	11,215	122,342	5,098	−20,390	0.00
Texas	137,635	5,098	112,147	9,176	142,733	5,098	−30,586	0.00
Utah	137,635	5,098	109,088	10,195	142,733	10,195	−33,644	0.00
Vermont	122,342	10,195	110,108	48,937	122,342	10,195	−12,234	0.18
Virginia	163,123	5,098	142,733	10,195	163,123	5,098	−20,390	0.00
Washington	183,513	10,195	135,596	16,312	183,513	10,195	−47,917	0.00
West Virginia	109,088	4,078	86,659	15,293	112,147	10,195	−25,488	0.00
Wisconsin	122,342	5,098	95,835	6,117	122,342	5,098	−26,507	0.00
Wyoming	101,952	10,195	101,952	20,390	101,952	10,195	0	0.87
Puerto Rico	67,288	4,078	56,073	15,293	69,327	3,059	−13,254	0.06
Notes: Author’s calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. A person is considered a full-time, full-year worker if they worked 35 hours of more per week for 50 to 52 weeks in the past 12 months. Rank Score p-values are based on the wage gap. The smaller the p-value, the more certain the estimated gap is different than zero.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 5.6). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.