Section 7: Home Environments - Compendium (2025)

This section presents statistics on the home environment for people with and without disabilities in the United States. The home environment includes factors such as housing quality, age of home, and housing type (e.g. house, apartment, mobile home, etc.). More specifically, the housing quality features presented here include: lacking a complete kitchen, lacking complete plumbing, overcrowding (two or more people living in home per bedroom), and cost burden (thirty percent or more of household income spent on housing costs). The age of home statistic indicates houses built in 1990 or after (the year the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law). Statistics for people with disabilities (disability status or disability type) are based on having responded ‘yes’ to a series of questions within the American Community Survey (go to the glossary for more details).

The poor housing environment measure presented in this section identifies people who are experiencing two or more of the four possible difficulties related to housing quality descibed above. This measure is a component of the Census Bureau’s multidimensional deprivation index, which gauges poverty. It includes people who may be facing difficulties or hardships and who may not be currently income-poor. The housing quality element of deprivation captures people experiencing difficulties with physical space and security within their own home. Our estimates are based on reports on multidimensional deprivation published by researchers at the U.S. Census Bureau, including:

Glassman, Brian, ‘Multidimensional Deprivation in the United States: 2017,’ American Community Survey Reports, ACS-40, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2019. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2019/demo/acs-40.pdf

Tables

Table 7.1: In 2023, the state with the largest percentage of civilians living in the community with disabilities in a home environment that lacks a complete kitchen was Alaska/AK, with 4.1%. In the United States, there was a total of 233,000 civilians with disabilities in a home environment that lacks a complete kitchen, representing 1.1% of the civilians with disabilities living in the community. However, the percentage of civilians living in the community without disabilities in a home environment that lacks a complete kitchen was 0.5%, which corresponds to a relative ratio of 2.22 when comparing civilians with disabilites to those without. Table 7.1 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in a Home Environment that Lacks a Complete Kitchen for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.2: In 2023, the state with the largest percentage of civilians living in the community with disabilities in a home environment that lacks complete plumbing was Alaska/AK, with 4.4%. In the United States, there was a total of 155,000 civilians with disabilities in a home environment that lacks complete plumbing, representing 0.7% of the civilians with disabilities living in the community. However, the percentage of civilians living in the community without disabilities in a home environment that lacks complete plumbing was 0.3%, which corresponds to a relative ratio of 2.197 when comparing civilians with disabilites to those without. Table 7.2 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in a Home Environment that Lacks Complete Plumbing for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.3: In 2023, the state with the largest percentage of civilians living in the community with disabilities in an overcrowded home environment was California/CA, with 10.6%. In the United States, there was a total of 941,000 civilians with disabilities in an overcrowded home environment, representing 4.4% of the civilians with disabilities living in the community. However, the percentage of civilians living in the community without disabilities in an overcrowded home environment was 5.1%, which corresponds to a relative ratio of 0.857 when comparing civilians with disabilites to those without. Table 7.3 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in an Overcowded Home Environment for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.4: In 2023, the state with the largest percentage of civilians living in the community with disabilities experiencing housing cost burden was the District of Columbia/DC, with 46%. In the United States, there was a total of 7,516,000 civilians with disabilities experiencing housing cost burden, representing 36.5% of the civilians with disabilities living in the community. However, the percentage of civilians living in the community without disabilities experiencing housing cost burden was 24.6%, which corresponds to a relative ratio of 1.481 when comparing civilians with disabilites to those without. Table 7.4 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community Experiencing Housing Cost Burden for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.5: In 2023, the state with the largest percentage of civilians living in the community with disabilities experiencing poor housing quality was California/CA, with 5.3%. In the United States, there was a total of 454,000 civilians with disabilities experiencing poor housing quality, representing 2.2% of the civilians with disabilities living in the community. However, the percentage of civilians living in the community without disabilities experiencing poor housing quality was 1.9%, which corresponds to a relative ratio of 1.146 when comparing civilians with disabilites to those without. Table 7.5 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community Experiencing a Poor Housing Environment for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.6: In 2023, the state with the largest percentage of civilians living in the community with disabilities in a home built in 1990 or later was Nevada/NV, with 58.7%. In the United States, there was a total of 7,564,000 civilians with disabilities in a home built in 1990 or later, representing 35.3% of the civilians with disabilities living in the community. However, the percentage of civilians living in the community without disabilities in a home built in 1990 or later was 41.8%, which corresponds to a relative ratio of 0.845 when comparing civilians with disabilites to those without. Table 7.6 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Housing Built in 1990 or Later for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.7: In 2023, the state with the largest percentage of civilians living in the community with disabilities in a house (not apartments or mobile homes) was Puerto Rico/PR, with 84.3%. In the United States, there was a total of 13,925,000 civilians with disabilities in a house (not apartments or mobile homes), representing 65.1% of the civilians with disabilities living in the community. However, the percentage of civilians living in the community without disabilities in a house (not apartments or mobile homes) was 73.1%, which corresponds to a relative ratio of 0.891 when comparing civilians with disabilites to those without. Table 7.7 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Houses for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.8: In 2023, the state with the largest percentage of civilians living in the community with disabilities in an apartment (not houses or mobile homes) was the District of Columbia/DC, with 76.1%. In the United States, there was a total of 5,655,000 civilians with disabilities in an apartment (not houses or mobile homes), representing 26.4% of the civilians with disabilities living in the community. However, the percentage of civilians living in the community without disabilities in an apartment (not houses or mobile homes) was 22.3%, which corresponds to a relative ratio of 1.184 when comparing civilians with disabilites to those without. Table 7.8 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Apartments for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.9: In 2023, the state with the largest percentage of civilians living in the community with disabilities in a mobile home (not houses or apartments) was West Virginia/WV, with 22.1%. In the United States, there was a total of 1,823,000 civilians with disabilities in a mobile home (not houses or apartments), representing 8.5% of the civilians with disabilities living in the community. However, the percentage of civilians living in the community without disabilities in a mobile home (not houses or apartments) was 4.6%, which corresponds to a relative ratio of 1.841 when comparing civilians with disabilites to those without. Table 7.9 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Mobile Homes or Other Building Types for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.1 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in a Home Environment that Lacks a Complete Kitchen for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.1 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in a Home Environment that Lacks a Complete Kitchen for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. In a Home Environment that Lacks a Complete Kitchen - Dis. In a Home Environment that Lacks a Complete Kitchen - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 233,000 16,000 1.1 0.1 854,000 33,000 0.5 0.0 2.220
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 5,000 2,000 1.2 0.5 11,000 3,000 0.4 0.2 2.764
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 2,000 1,000 4.1 2.5 9,000 4,000 2.4 0.9 1.715
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 6,000 3,000 1.2 0.5 19,000 6,000 0.5 0.2 2.369
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 5,000 2,000 1.6 0.8 11,000 5,000 0.8 0.3 2.172
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 34,000 5,000 1.7 0.2 155,000 13,000 0.7 0.1 2.341
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 2,000 1,300 0.6 0.5 12,000 4,000 0.4 0.1 1.710
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 900 1,100 0.5 0.4 6,000 2,000 0.3 0.1 1.535
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 300 600 0.5 1.0 900 1,100 0.2 0.2 2.655
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 500 710 1.2 2.0 1,000 1,180 0.3 0.3 4.614
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 13,000 4,000 1.0 0.3 48,000 8,000 0.4 0.1 2.409
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 6,000 2,000 0.8 0.3 23,000 6,000 0.4 0.1 2.061
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 2,000 2,000 2.6 2.0 8,000 3,000 1.2 0.4 2.252
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 1,000 1,000 0.7 0.7 2,000 2,000 0.2 0.2 3.067
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 5,000 2,000 0.7 0.3 21,000 5,000 0.3 0.1 2.088
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 5,000 3,000 1.1 0.5 14,000 5,000 0.4 0.1 2.735
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 1,000 1,000 0.6 0.4 6,000 3,000 0.4 0.1 1.466
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 4,000 2,000 2.0 1.3 11,000 4,000 0.8 0.3 2.706
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 5,000 3,000 1.2 0.7 10,000 3,000 0.5 0.2 2.574
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 5,000 2,000 1.3 0.6 12,000 4,000 0.5 0.2 2.549
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 2,000 2,000 1.9 1.6 5,000 3,000 0.8 0.4 2.565
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 1,000 1,000 0.4 0.3 8,000 3,000 0.2 0.1 1.648
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 4,000 2,000 1.0 0.6 17,000 5,000 0.5 0.2 2.297
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 6,000 2,000 0.8 0.3 22,000 5,000 0.4 0.1 1.892
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 1,000 1,000 0.4 0.3 12,000 5,000 0.4 0.1 1.086
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 3,000 2,200 1.2 1.0 6,000 2,000 0.4 0.2 2.642
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 4,000 2,000 1.0 0.4 16,000 5,000 0.5 0.2 1.870
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 600 570 0.8 0.9 3,000 2,000 0.6 0.3 1.354
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 1,000 1,000 1.1 0.9 2,000 1,200 0.2 0.1 5.652
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 3,000 2,000 1.2 0.9 7,000 4,000 0.4 0.2 3.137
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 400 500 0.4 0.6 3,000 2,000 0.5 0.2 0.959
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 4,000 2,000 1.0 0.5 31,000 9,000 0.6 0.2 1.610
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 5,000 2,000 2.7 1.3 6,000 2,000 0.6 0.2 4.181
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 16,000 4,000 1.4 0.3 57,000 10,000 0.6 0.1 2.538
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 4,000 2,000 0.5 0.3 19,000 5,000 0.3 0.1 1.565
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 400 600 0.8 1.5 1,000 1,000 0.4 0.3 2.351
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 11,000 3,000 1.3 0.4 35,000 7,000 0.6 0.1 2.196
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 5,000 2,000 1.4 0.6 9,000 3,000 0.5 0.1 2.972
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 3,000 2,000 0.9 0.6 7,000 4,000 0.3 0.2 2.794
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 10,000 3,000 1.1 0.4 36,000 7,000 0.6 0.1 1.996
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 100 220 0.1 0.4 1,000 2,000 0.2 0.3 0.632
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 3,000 2,000 0.7 0.5 9,000 4,000 0.3 0.2 2.160
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 100 200 0.2 0.5 2,000 1,500 0.3 0.3 0.678
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 5,000 2,000 1.0 0.5 20,000 5,000 0.5 0.2 1.876
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 20,000 4,000 1.0 0.2 83,000 10,000 0.5 0.1 2.022
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 400 430 0.2 0.2 3,000 2,000 0.2 0.1 0.931
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 500 760 1.3 2.2 1,000 1,000 0.3 0.4 4.092
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 3,000 2,000 0.6 0.4 13,000 4,000 0.3 0.1 2.132
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 7,000 3,000 1.4 0.4 17,000 4,000 0.4 0.1 3.385
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 2,000 2,000 1.3 0.9 3,000 2,000 0.4 0.3 3.208
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 2,000 2,000 0.7 0.4 15,000 4,000 0.5 0.1 1.391
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 40 80 0.1 0.2 2,000 1,500 0.5 0.4 0.160
Puerto Rico 327,000 16,000 1,591,000 16,000 4,000 2,000 1.3 0.7 13,000 4,000 0.8 0.3 1.591
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability in a home environment that lacks a complete kitchen over the percentage of people without disability in a home environment that lacks a complete kitchen. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in a home environment that lacks a complete kitchen percentage.
*estimate either unavailable or too few sample observations.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 7.1). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 7.2 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in a Home Environment that Lacks Complete Plumbing for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.2 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in a Home Environment that Lacks Complete Plumbing for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. In a Home Environment that Lacks Complete Plumbing - Dis. In a Home Environment that Lacks Complete Plumbing - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 155,000 12,000 0.7 0.1 573,000 28,000 0.3 * 2.197
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 3,000 2,000 0.7 0.4 7,000 3,000 0.3 0.1 2.602
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 2,000 2,000 4.4 2.7 12,000 5,000 3.4 1.3 1.283
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 5,000 3,000 1.1 0.6 27,000 7,000 0.7 0.2 1.594
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 4,000 2,000 1.3 0.8 7,000 4,000 0.5 0.3 2.716
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 15,000 4,000 0.7 0.2 64,000 9,000 0.3 * 2.460
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 2,000 1,400 0.5 0.3 6,000 2,000 0.2 0.1 2.436
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 1,000 1,000 0.5 0.4 5,000 2,000 0.2 0.1 2.038
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 300 600 0.4 1.2 600 910 0.1 0.2 3.874
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 600 840 1.4 2.5 200 340 * 0.2 30.577
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 7,000 3,000 0.6 0.2 34,000 7,000 0.3 0.1 1.929
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 4,000 2,000 0.5 0.2 17,000 6,000 0.3 0.1 1.590
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 1,000 1,000 1.5 1.4 4,000 2,000 0.6 0.4 2.751
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 2,000 1,700 1.2 1.2 2,000 2,000 0.2 0.2 5.291
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 4,000 2,000 0.5 0.3 19,000 5,000 0.3 0.1 1.932
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 2,000 1,000 0.5 0.2 13,000 4,000 0.4 0.1 1.219
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 2,000 1,700 0.7 0.7 4,000 2,000 0.2 0.2 3.215
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 1,000 1,000 0.7 0.5 7,000 4,000 0.5 0.2 1.466
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 4,000 2,000 1.0 0.6 7,000 3,000 0.3 0.2 2.968
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 3,000 2,000 0.9 0.4 10,000 4,000 0.5 0.2 1.921
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 2,000 1,700 1.6 1.5 3,000 2,000 0.4 0.3 3.519
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 2,000 1,500 0.5 0.3 10,000 4,000 0.3 0.1 1.528
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 3,000 2,000 0.8 0.5 12,000 5,000 0.3 0.1 2.672
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 6,000 2,000 0.8 0.4 15,000 5,000 0.3 0.1 2.703
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 900 1,100 0.3 0.3 10,000 4,000 0.3 0.2 0.957
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 2,000 2,000 0.9 0.9 4,000 2,000 0.3 0.1 2.980
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 3,000 2,000 0.7 0.4 10,000 4,000 0.3 0.1 2.005
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 200 400 0.3 0.6 2,000 1,500 0.3 0.3 0.862
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 400 470 0.3 0.5 1,000 1,000 0.1 0.1 3.106
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 1,000 1,000 0.5 0.4 5,000 3,000 0.3 0.2 1.590
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 300 420 0.3 0.5 3,000 2,000 0.4 0.4 0.648
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 3,000 2,100 0.6 0.6 15,000 5,000 0.3 0.1 2.184
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 4,000 2,000 2.1 1.0 8,000 3,000 0.8 0.3 2.475
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 10,000 4,000 0.9 0.3 36,000 8,000 0.3 0.1 2.482
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 3,000 2,000 0.4 0.2 13,000 4,000 0.2 0.1 1.612
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 400 600 0.8 1.5 1,000 1,000 0.3 0.2 2.950
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 7,000 3,000 0.9 0.4 23,000 6,000 0.4 0.1 2.318
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 3,000 2,000 0.9 0.5 7,000 3,000 0.4 0.2 2.457
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 2,000 1,000 0.7 0.5 5,000 3,000 0.2 0.2 3.245
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 5,000 2,000 0.6 0.3 22,000 6,000 0.3 0.1 1.718
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 * * * * 600 750 0.1 0.2 *
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 1,000 1,000 0.3 0.3 5,000 2,000 0.2 0.1 1.932
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 200 300 0.4 0.8 900 1,100 0.2 0.2 2.329
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 4,000 2,000 0.7 0.3 11,000 4,000 0.3 0.1 2.265
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 15,000 3,000 0.8 0.2 63,000 10,000 0.4 0.1 2.059
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 1,000 1,000 0.5 0.5 4,000 2,000 0.2 0.1 2.297
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 1,000 1,020 2.5 2.9 1,000 1,000 0.4 0.4 5.776
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 3,000 2,000 0.6 0.4 11,000 4,000 0.2 0.1 2.723
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 4,000 2,000 0.7 0.4 9,000 3,000 0.2 0.1 3.365
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 1,000 1,000 0.7 0.6 3,000 2,000 0.4 0.3 1.865
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 2,000 1,500 0.5 0.4 10,000 3,000 0.3 0.1 1.569
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 100 200 0.3 0.5 1,000 1,000 0.4 0.4 0.655
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability in a home environment that lacks complete plumbing over the percentage of people without disability in a home environment that lacks complete plumbing. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in a home environment that lacks complete plumbing percentage.
*estimate either unavailable or too few sample observations.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 7.2). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 7.3 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in an Overcowded Home Environment for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.3 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in an Overcowded Home Environment for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. In an Overcowded Home Environment - Dis. In an Overcowded Home Environment - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 941,000 33,000 4.4 0.2 8,949,000 144,000 5.1 0.1 0.857
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 10,000 3,000 2.3 0.7 59,000 10,000 2.4 0.4 0.966
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 3,000 2,000 6.3 3.6 26,000 6,000 7.2 1.7 0.869
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 28,000 5,000 5.9 1.1 202,000 24,000 5.3 0.7 1.109
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 9,000 4,000 3.1 1.3 45,000 9,000 3.1 0.6 0.996
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 212,000 14,000 10.6 0.7 2,459,000 60,000 11.5 0.3 0.922
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 10,000 4,000 2.9 1.0 91,000 15,000 2.8 0.5 1.036
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 8,000 4,000 4.2 1.7 79,000 10,000 4.1 0.5 1.032
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 2,000 1,000 2.9 1.6 16,000 5,000 3.2 1.0 0.920
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 1,000 1,000 3.1 3.3 21,000 6,000 5.5 1.7 0.561
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 56,000 8,000 4.3 0.6 560,000 39,000 4.8 0.4 0.891
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 21,000 5,000 2.9 0.6 196,000 20,000 3.4 0.3 0.850
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 6,000 3,000 7.9 3.0 70,000 12,000 10.2 1.8 0.778
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 4,000 3,000 3.2 1.9 29,000 6,000 3.0 0.6 1.066
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 31,000 7,000 4.2 0.9 297,000 28,000 4.4 0.5 0.951
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 20,000 4,000 4.0 0.8 94,000 12,000 2.7 0.4 1.483
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 4,000 2,000 1.9 1.0 35,000 8,000 2.2 0.5 0.866
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 6,000 3,000 3.0 1.4 44,000 10,000 3.0 0.7 0.997
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 11,000 4,000 2.7 0.7 63,000 10,000 2.9 0.5 0.924
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 15,000 5,000 3.8 1.1 68,000 12,000 3.1 0.5 1.224
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 1,000 1,000 1.4 1.0 14,000 5,000 2.1 0.7 0.666
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 11,000 4,000 3.2 1.1 150,000 14,000 4.6 0.4 0.701
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 12,000 4,000 3.0 0.8 136,000 16,000 3.6 0.4 0.822
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 18,000 5,000 2.4 0.8 139,000 17,000 2.7 0.4 0.899
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 8,000 4,000 2.8 1.3 101,000 15,000 3.3 0.5 0.843
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 10,000 4,000 3.9 1.4 45,000 10,000 3.2 0.7 1.221
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 11,000 4,000 2.4 0.8 85,000 11,000 2.7 0.4 0.882
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 3,000 2,000 4.0 2.2 12,000 4,000 2.1 0.6 1.921
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 3,000 2,000 2.1 1.2 38,000 9,000 3.8 1.0 0.534
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 10,000 3,000 4.4 1.4 88,000 13,000 5.2 0.7 0.848
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 2,000 2,000 2.5 1.4 21,000 6,000 2.9 0.8 0.869
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 24,000 4,000 5.5 1.0 329,000 25,000 6.5 0.5 0.841
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 8,000 4,000 4.6 1.9 49,000 9,000 4.9 0.9 0.937
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 75,000 9,000 6.8 0.7 916,000 40,000 8.8 0.4 0.771
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 18,000 4,000 2.6 0.6 164,000 19,000 2.9 0.4 0.871
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 700 1,300 1.6 2.3 8,000 4,000 1.9 0.9 0.801
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 24,000 5,000 2.8 0.6 162,000 16,000 2.7 0.3 1.024
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 11,000 3,000 2.9 0.7 66,000 11,000 3.4 0.6 0.844
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 10,000 3,000 3.4 1.1 90,000 13,000 4.1 0.6 0.833
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 30,000 7,000 3.3 0.8 187,000 20,000 2.9 0.3 1.167
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 2,000 1,100 2.6 1.5 18,000 6,000 3.1 1.1 0.828
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 9,000 3,000 2.2 0.7 75,000 12,000 2.8 0.5 0.778
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 4,000 2,000 7.7 4.2 18,000 5,000 3.9 1.1 1.980
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 20,000 4,000 4.0 0.8 147,000 18,000 4.0 0.5 0.993
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 101,000 10,000 5.2 0.5 942,000 45,000 5.8 0.3 0.902
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 9,000 3,000 4.2 1.6 59,000 11,000 3.3 0.6 1.297
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 1,000 1,000 2.8 3.1 6,000 3,000 1.9 1.0 1.507
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 16,000 4,000 3.0 0.8 151,000 18,000 3.3 0.5 0.890
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 19,000 4,000 3.6 0.7 181,000 18,000 4.4 0.4 0.815
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 3,000 2,000 1.8 0.9 21,000 6,000 2.6 0.7 0.704
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 9,000 5,000 2.5 1.5 65,000 12,000 2.1 0.4 1.200
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 2,000 2,110 3.6 4.5 10,000 3,000 3.5 1.2 1.033
Puerto Rico 327,000 16,000 1,591,000 16,000 2,000 1,200 0.7 0.4 19,000 7,000 1.2 0.5 0.554
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability in an overcrowded home environment over the percentage of people without disability in an overcrowded home environment. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in overcrowded home environment percentage. When the relative ratio is less than one it means that people with disabilities are less likely to live in an overcrowded home environment.
*estimate either unavailable or too few sample observations.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 7.3). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 7.4 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community Experiencing Housing Cost Burden for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.4 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community Experiencing Housing Cost Burden for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. Experiencing Housing Cost Burden - Dis. Experiencing Housing Cost Burden - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 7,516,000 76,000 36.5 0.3 42,090,000 197,000 24.6 0.1 1.481
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 117,000 10,000 28.5 1.8 456,000 18,000 19.0 0.8 1.502
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 16,000 4,000 31.1 6.2 70,000 9,000 20.1 2.4 1.548
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 163,000 12,000 36.1 2.1 905,000 28,000 24.3 0.7 1.486
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 86,000 8,000 32.2 2.3 256,000 16,000 18.1 1.0 1.785
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 863,000 22,000 44.5 0.8 7,045,000 76,000 33.5 0.4 1.329
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 135,000 11,000 41.3 2.6 839,000 24,000 26.1 0.8 1.582
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 84,000 10,000 43.6 3.5 477,000 25,000 25.3 1.3 1.722
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 19,000 4,000 27.6 5.3 97,000 12,000 19.6 2.3 1.408
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 17,000 5,000 46.0 7.6 96,000 9,000 25.4 2.2 1.812
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 492,000 21,000 39.4 1.3 3,561,000 63,000 31.3 0.6 1.258
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 233,000 15,000 33.0 1.8 1,368,000 35,000 24.2 0.6 1.364
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 34,000 5,000 43.9 5.0 201,000 14,000 29.8 2.2 1.473
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 42,000 6,000 32.1 3.6 212,000 15,000 22.3 1.5 1.440
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 253,000 17,000 35.8 1.8 1,428,000 43,000 21.8 0.6 1.642
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 154,000 11,000 32.3 2.0 624,000 25,000 18.3 0.7 1.766
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 59,000 8,000 28.9 3.1 269,000 17,000 17.0 1.1 1.698
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 61,000 9,000 32.3 3.5 268,000 16,000 18.7 1.2 1.720
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 132,000 11,000 32.7 2.1 412,000 22,000 19.4 1.1 1.682
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 137,000 11,000 37.4 2.2 517,000 23,000 24.1 1.0 1.549
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 36,000 7,000 34.9 4.6 134,000 12,000 19.7 1.7 1.769
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 114,000 9,000 35.6 2.2 770,000 28,000 23.7 0.8 1.501
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 177,000 13,000 44.2 2.3 964,000 31,000 26.0 0.9 1.699
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 252,000 15,000 35.9 1.9 938,000 30,000 18.8 0.6 1.914
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 93,000 10,000 32.4 2.9 546,000 26,000 18.2 0.9 1.776
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 73,000 9,000 30.7 2.9 275,000 15,000 20.2 1.1 1.521
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 149,000 12,000 33.5 2.2 518,000 24,000 17.0 0.8 1.968
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 31,000 6,000 38.1 5.3 128,000 10,000 23.6 1.8 1.616
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 36,000 5,000 30.5 3.6 192,000 16,000 19.8 1.6 1.543
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 86,000 9,000 38.7 3.1 440,000 20,000 26.7 1.1 1.448
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 34,000 6,000 35.9 4.4 143,000 10,000 19.7 1.4 1.823
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 170,000 11,000 39.8 2.2 1,323,000 35,000 26.5 0.7 1.501
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 55,000 7,000 31.5 3.3 210,000 14,000 21.5 1.5 1.460
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 464,000 22,000 43.5 1.5 3,020,000 61,000 29.7 0.6 1.468
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 222,000 13,000 33.1 1.5 1,150,000 34,000 21.1 0.6 1.568
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 14,000 4,000 31.2 7.2 55,000 7,000 14.5 1.9 2.150
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 262,000 12,000 32.5 1.4 1,073,000 32,000 18.4 0.6 1.766
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 112,000 9,000 32.3 2.3 398,000 23,000 21.3 1.2 1.516
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 121,000 12,000 43.3 2.8 596,000 24,000 27.5 1.1 1.576
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 311,000 17,000 35.8 1.4 1,247,000 41,000 19.6 0.7 1.831
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 27,000 5,000 38.5 5.6 124,000 12,000 22.1 2.0 1.738
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 112,000 11,000 30.2 2.5 538,000 23,000 20.7 0.9 1.458
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 15,000 3,000 31.2 5.5 82,000 10,000 18.6 2.2 1.680
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 155,000 12,000 32.2 1.9 746,000 26,000 20.8 0.7 1.544
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 668,000 25,000 36.0 1.0 4,201,000 63,000 26.4 0.4 1.364
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 68,000 7,000 34.1 3.0 400,000 21,000 22.3 1.1 1.530
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 17,000 4,000 41.0 7.5 74,000 8,000 23.0 2.6 1.785
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 168,000 11,000 32.5 1.8 981,000 37,000 22.1 0.8 1.468
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 205,000 12,000 39.2 1.8 1,009,000 29,000 24.8 0.7 1.579
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 51,000 7,000 32.2 4.0 116,000 10,000 14.7 1.2 2.189
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 109,000 11,000 32.9 2.6 540,000 26,000 17.7 0.9 1.855
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 13,000 3,000 31.6 6.5 58,000 8,000 20.7 2.8 1.523
Puerto Rico 327,000 16,000 1,591,000 16,000 77,000 8,000 28.6 2.8 291,000 16,000 21.0 1.2 1.361
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability experiencing housing cost burden over the percentage of people without disability experiencing housing cost burden. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in housing cost burden percentage.
*estimate either unavailable or too few sample observations.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 7.4). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 7.5 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community Experiencing a Poor Housing Environment for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.5 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community Experiencing a Poor Housing Environment for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. Experiencing a Poor Housing Environment - Dis. Experiencing a Poor Housing Environment - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 454,000 21,000 2.2 0.1 3,284,000 73,000 1.9 0.1 1.146
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 4,000 2,000 1.1 0.4 15,000 5,000 0.6 0.2 1.705
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 2,000 1,300 3.4 2.3 10,000 3,000 2.9 0.9 1.176
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 14,000 5,000 3.1 1.1 68,000 11,000 1.8 0.3 1.713
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 5,000 2,000 1.8 1.0 18,000 6,000 1.2 0.5 1.487
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 103,000 9,000 5.3 0.5 965,000 38,000 4.6 0.2 1.159
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 5,000 2,000 1.5 0.6 41,000 9,000 1.3 0.3 1.149
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 5,000 3,000 2.6 1.5 34,000 8,000 1.8 0.5 1.407
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 500 650 0.7 1.4 4,000 3,000 0.8 0.6 0.907
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 800 1,200 2.1 2.8 6,000 3,000 1.5 0.9 1.356
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 26,000 5,000 2.1 0.4 222,000 23,000 1.9 0.3 1.080
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 9,000 3,000 1.2 0.4 70,000 10,000 1.2 0.2 0.982
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 3,000 2,000 3.3 2.0 19,000 6,000 2.9 0.9 1.139
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 3,000 2,300 2.0 1.6 9,000 3,000 0.9 0.4 2.083
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 13,000 4,000 1.9 0.6 97,000 15,000 1.5 0.2 1.273
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 8,000 3,000 1.7 0.6 32,000 8,000 1.0 0.2 1.759
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 3,000 2,000 1.5 1.0 9,000 3,000 0.6 0.2 2.673
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 4,000 2,000 2.3 1.2 13,000 4,000 0.9 0.3 2.452
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 4,000 3,000 1.1 0.6 20,000 6,000 1.0 0.3 1.103
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 9,000 4,000 2.6 0.9 30,000 8,000 1.4 0.3 1.866
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 1,000 1,000 1.4 1.1 8,000 4,000 1.2 0.6 1.206
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 7,000 3,000 2.2 1.0 57,000 10,000 1.7 0.4 1.244
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 8,000 3,000 1.9 0.8 57,000 12,000 1.5 0.4 1.253
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 10,000 3,000 1.4 0.4 45,000 9,000 0.9 0.2 1.500
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 3,000 2,000 0.9 0.5 35,000 9,000 1.2 0.3 0.795
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 4,000 3,000 1.5 0.9 12,000 5,000 0.9 0.4 1.665
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 4,000 2,000 0.8 0.5 21,000 6,000 0.7 0.2 1.202
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 2,000 1,500 1.9 1.5 4,000 2,000 0.7 0.5 2.677
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 1,000 2,000 1.3 1.1 10,000 4,000 1.0 0.4 1.278
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 6,000 3,000 2.5 1.2 26,000 6,000 1.6 0.4 1.581
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 400 470 0.4 0.6 7,000 4,000 1.0 0.6 0.389
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 10,000 3,000 2.4 0.7 118,000 14,000 2.4 0.3 1.008
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 5,000 2,000 2.9 1.3 17,000 5,000 1.8 0.5 1.653
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 38,000 7,000 3.6 0.6 369,000 29,000 3.6 0.3 0.979
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 8,000 3,000 1.1 0.5 54,000 11,000 1.0 0.2 1.149
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 400 670 0.8 2.3 2,000 1,600 0.4 0.4 1.968
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 11,000 2,000 1.4 0.3 66,000 11,000 1.1 0.2 1.205
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 5,000 2,000 1.5 0.7 17,000 5,000 0.9 0.3 1.723
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 6,000 3,000 2.0 1.0 32,000 8,000 1.5 0.3 1.379
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 14,000 4,000 1.6 0.5 66,000 11,000 1.0 0.2 1.563
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 900 1,100 1.3 1.3 3,000 3,000 0.6 0.5 2.108
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 4,000 2,000 1.0 0.5 22,000 6,000 0.9 0.2 1.128
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 2,000 1,800 3.6 3.4 6,000 3,000 1.3 0.8 2.741
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 8,000 3,000 1.7 0.7 47,000 8,000 1.3 0.2 1.330
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 47,000 7,000 2.5 0.4 334,000 28,000 2.1 0.2 1.203
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 4,000 2,000 2.0 1.1 19,000 6,000 1.1 0.3 1.819
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 1,000 1,040 3.0 3.6 3,000 2,000 0.9 0.6 3.391
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 7,000 2,000 1.4 0.4 52,000 10,000 1.2 0.2 1.162
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 12,000 3,000 2.3 0.6 65,000 10,000 1.6 0.2 1.442
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 1,000 1,000 0.9 0.7 6,000 3,000 0.7 0.4 1.287
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 3,000 2,000 0.9 0.5 21,000 5,000 0.7 0.2 1.324
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 200 230 0.4 0.7 2,000 1,500 0.7 0.6 0.618
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability experiencing a poor housing environment over the percentage of people without disability experiencing a poor housing environment. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in poor housing environment percentage.
*estimate either unavailable or too few sample observations.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 7.5). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 7.6 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Housing Built in 1990 or Later for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.6 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Housing Built in 1990 or Later for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. In Housing Built in 1990 or Later - Dis. In Housing Built in 1990 or Later - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 7,564,000 73,000 35.3 0.3 72,947,000 252,000 41.8 0.1 0.845
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 182,000 11,000 42.4 2.2 1,290,000 26,000 51.8 1.1 0.820
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 18,000 4,000 32.4 5.9 151,000 13,000 42.1 3.3 0.770
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 241,000 15,000 51.4 1.9 2,213,000 33,000 58.3 0.9 0.880
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 122,000 9,000 43.2 2.6 798,000 23,000 54.3 1.4 0.795
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 568,000 21,000 28.4 0.9 6,787,000 81,000 31.7 0.4 0.896
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 138,000 9,000 41.3 2.2 1,667,000 29,000 51.2 0.9 0.808
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 32,000 5,000 16.0 2.3 408,000 20,000 21.2 1.1 0.754
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 28,000 5,000 39.8 5.0 241,000 14,000 47.6 2.7 0.835
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 14,000 4,000 34.9 7.1 112,000 8,000 28.9 2.0 1.206
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 594,000 21,000 45.9 1.0 6,103,000 61,000 52.5 0.5 0.873
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 370,000 18,000 49.8 1.9 3,443,000 39,000 59.4 0.6 0.839
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 29,000 5,000 35.7 4.9 253,000 14,000 36.6 1.8 0.975
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 67,000 8,000 49.1 4.1 556,000 16,000 56.9 1.5 0.862
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 173,000 12,000 23.4 1.4 2,047,000 49,000 30.6 0.7 0.764
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 148,000 10,000 29.8 1.6 1,435,000 32,000 41.4 0.9 0.720
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 55,000 8,000 26.3 3.3 582,000 20,000 36.3 1.3 0.724
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 55,000 7,000 28.5 3.2 551,000 20,000 37.8 1.3 0.754
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 166,000 11,000 39.2 2.1 1,033,000 29,000 47.2 1.2 0.831
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 152,000 11,000 39.3 2.4 1,035,000 29,000 46.7 1.3 0.841
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 28,000 4,000 25.6 3.7 263,000 15,000 37.9 2.1 0.676
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 100,000 9,000 29.9 2.3 1,252,000 29,000 38.0 0.9 0.787
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 72,000 7,000 17.4 1.7 883,000 25,000 23.5 0.7 0.741
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 179,000 13,000 24.5 1.7 1,687,000 36,000 33.0 0.7 0.743
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 94,000 11,000 31.9 2.7 1,205,000 33,000 39.8 1.1 0.802
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 114,000 9,000 45.1 2.5 728,000 24,000 51.6 1.6 0.874
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 148,000 12,000 32.2 2.0 1,280,000 26,000 41.3 0.8 0.779
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 29,000 6,000 35.3 5.2 250,000 13,000 44.5 2.2 0.792
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 34,000 6,000 28.1 4.7 387,000 16,000 39.0 1.6 0.720
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 136,000 9,000 58.7 2.8 1,120,000 25,000 66.6 1.3 0.882
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 21,000 4,000 21.4 4.0 221,000 14,000 30.1 1.8 0.712
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 95,000 8,000 21.7 1.6 1,341,000 31,000 26.5 0.6 0.820
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 73,000 9,000 39.8 3.3 479,000 18,000 47.4 1.6 0.839
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 203,000 13,000 18.4 1.0 2,002,000 48,000 19.3 0.5 0.955
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 354,000 15,000 50.3 1.6 3,366,000 37,000 60.2 0.6 0.836
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 17,000 4,000 36.1 6.4 187,000 12,000 48.1 2.9 0.751
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 191,000 12,000 22.7 1.4 1,878,000 38,000 31.6 0.6 0.719
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 126,000 10,000 34.8 2.1 822,000 25,000 42.4 1.3 0.819
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 109,000 10,000 37.2 2.4 990,000 27,000 44.8 1.1 0.831
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 177,000 13,000 19.8 1.3 1,732,000 43,000 26.6 0.7 0.742
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 10,000 3,000 14.1 3.8 128,000 13,000 22.5 2.2 0.629
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 209,000 11,000 53.7 2.2 1,585,000 23,000 59.4 0.9 0.904
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 20,000 5,000 38.2 6.5 221,000 12,000 48.6 2.3 0.786
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 226,000 12,000 44.3 1.8 1,940,000 38,000 52.7 1.0 0.841
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 958,000 26,000 49.8 1.0 9,522,000 84,000 58.5 0.5 0.850
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 104,000 9,000 50.9 3.3 1,068,000 22,000 58.8 1.2 0.864
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 9,000 3,000 20.4 5.7 100,000 10,000 30.4 2.9 0.669
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 200,000 14,000 37.3 2.0 2,084,000 40,000 46.2 0.9 0.807
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 215,000 13,000 40.0 1.9 1,951,000 40,000 47.3 0.9 0.846
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 59,000 8,000 34.3 3.8 320,000 15,000 39.0 1.7 0.881
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 90,000 10,000 26.1 2.4 1,143,000 29,000 36.9 0.9 0.709
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 14,000 4,000 34.3 6.4 107,000 8,000 37.3 2.5 0.920
Puerto Rico 327,000 16,000 1,591,000 16,000 123,000 10,000 37.7 2.5 662,000 24,000 41.7 1.3 0.904
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability in housing built in 1990 or later over the percentage of people without disability in housing built in 1990 or later. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in housing built in 1990 or later percentage. When the relative ratio is less than one it means that people with disabilities are less likely to live in housing built in 1990 or later.
*estimate either unavailable or too few sample observations.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 7.6). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 7.7 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Houses for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.7 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Houses for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. In Houses - Dis. In Houses - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 13,925,000 99,000 65.1 0.3 127,376,000 210,000 73.1 0.1 0.891
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 287,000 13,000 66.7 1.8 1,876,000 25,000 75.3 0.9 0.886
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 35,000 6,000 63.2 6.6 273,000 12,000 75.9 2.7 0.833
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 312,000 15,000 66.5 1.9 2,900,000 34,000 76.4 0.8 0.870
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 183,000 11,000 65.0 2.5 1,141,000 21,000 77.7 1.2 0.837
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 1,278,000 29,000 63.9 0.9 14,957,000 75,000 69.9 0.4 0.914
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 211,000 11,000 63.3 2.3 2,431,000 28,000 74.6 0.8 0.848
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 120,000 9,000 60.3 3.0 1,384,000 25,000 72.0 1.2 0.837
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 52,000 6,000 75.0 4.8 400,000 12,000 78.9 2.0 0.951
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 9,000 3,000 23.9 6.4 147,000 10,000 37.8 2.1 0.633
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 846,000 25,000 65.3 1.2 8,136,000 54,000 70.0 0.5 0.933
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 522,000 18,000 70.3 1.5 4,424,000 35,000 76.3 0.6 0.921
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 57,000 6,000 69.6 4.4 502,000 12,000 72.6 1.7 0.959
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 97,000 8,000 70.4 4.1 802,000 19,000 82.1 1.4 0.858
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 465,000 17,000 63.0 1.7 4,701,000 46,000 70.3 0.6 0.896
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 356,000 18,000 71.7 1.6 2,856,000 25,000 82.3 0.7 0.871
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 152,000 10,000 72.3 2.8 1,330,000 18,000 82.9 1.1 0.873
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 138,000 10,000 71.8 3.3 1,211,000 17,000 83.0 1.0 0.865
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 271,000 14,000 64.1 2.0 1,677,000 29,000 76.6 1.1 0.836
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 254,000 13,000 65.8 2.0 1,637,000 24,000 73.9 1.0 0.891
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 68,000 8,000 62.2 4.9 518,000 14,000 74.7 1.8 0.833
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 249,000 12,000 74.7 2.0 2,604,000 24,000 79.1 0.6 0.945
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 204,000 13,000 49.6 2.1 2,331,000 30,000 62.0 0.8 0.800
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 538,000 17,000 73.6 1.5 4,191,000 35,000 82.1 0.6 0.896
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 196,000 12,000 66.5 2.6 2,423,000 30,000 80.0 0.9 0.831
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 169,000 11,000 66.8 3.1 1,059,000 21,000 75.0 1.3 0.891
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 322,000 15,000 70.1 1.9 2,502,000 25,000 80.7 0.7 0.868
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 60,000 8,000 73.2 5.2 431,000 14,000 76.9 1.9 0.951
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 82,000 8,000 66.7 4.0 815,000 15,000 81.9 1.2 0.814
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 146,000 10,000 62.9 2.8 1,232,000 22,000 73.3 1.1 0.858
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 59,000 6,000 60.7 4.2 551,000 15,000 75.0 1.8 0.810
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 267,000 14,000 60.9 2.1 3,408,000 30,000 67.3 0.6 0.905
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 116,000 11,000 63.2 2.8 710,000 18,000 70.3 1.6 0.899
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 482,000 17,000 43.5 1.2 5,334,000 52,000 51.3 0.5 0.849
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 462,000 19,000 65.7 1.6 4,133,000 36,000 73.9 0.6 0.889
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 29,000 5,000 60.1 6.8 274,000 12,000 70.3 2.7 0.855
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 587,000 19,000 69.9 1.4 4,781,000 34,000 80.5 0.6 0.868
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 259,000 14,000 71.3 2.2 1,538,000 22,000 79.4 0.9 0.898
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 174,000 11,000 59.6 2.4 1,617,000 23,000 73.1 1.0 0.815
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 633,000 24,000 70.5 1.5 5,363,000 47,000 82.5 0.7 0.855
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 39,000 6,000 54.9 5.0 373,000 14,000 65.2 2.0 0.842
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 244,000 12,000 63.0 2.5 1,940,000 25,000 72.7 0.8 0.866
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 33,000 6,000 63.1 6.5 356,000 13,000 78.4 2.3 0.805
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 350,000 15,000 68.8 1.9 2,823,000 30,000 76.7 0.7 0.896
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 1,284,000 30,000 66.7 1.0 11,861,000 57,000 72.9 0.3 0.915
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 137,000 10,000 67.2 3.0 1,453,000 19,000 80.1 0.9 0.840
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 27,000 5,000 63.7 6.1 249,000 10,000 75.9 2.6 0.839
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 387,000 14,000 72.3 1.6 3,511,000 26,000 77.8 0.6 0.930
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 326,000 15,000 60.6 1.8 2,994,000 28,000 72.6 0.6 0.835
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 106,000 9,000 61.4 3.4 632,000 16,000 76.9 1.6 0.798
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 217,000 13,000 63.4 2.7 2,362,000 32,000 76.2 0.9 0.832
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 28,000 5,000 66.3 6.7 225,000 9,000 78.4 2.4 0.845
Puerto Rico 327,000 16,000 1,591,000 16,000 274,000 14,000 84.3 1.6 1,350,000 18,000 85.0 0.9 0.991
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability in houses over the percentage of people without disability in houses. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in house percentage.
*estimate either unavailable or too few sample observations.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 7.7). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 7.8 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Apartments for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.8 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Apartments for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. In Apartments - Dis. In Apartments - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 5,655,000 65,000 26.4 0.2 38,896,000 158,000 22.3 0.1 1.184
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 64,000 7,000 15.0 1.5 325,000 17,000 13.0 0.7 1.149
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 18,000 5,000 31.9 6.4 72,000 10,000 20.1 2.6 1.590
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 109,000 9,000 23.2 1.7 666,000 26,000 17.6 0.7 1.321
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 53,000 8,000 18.9 2.3 189,000 12,000 12.8 0.9 1.469
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 624,000 20,000 31.2 0.9 5,872,000 65,000 27.4 0.3 1.138
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 107,000 9,000 32.1 2.1 723,000 24,000 22.2 0.7 1.444
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 78,000 8,000 39.1 3.0 528,000 23,000 27.5 1.2 1.424
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 12,000 4,000 16.9 4.7 75,000 9,000 14.8 1.7 1.144
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 30,000 6,000 76.1 6.4 241,000 8,000 62.2 2.1 1.223
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 305,000 17,000 23.6 1.1 2,836,000 47,000 24.4 0.4 0.966
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 130,000 10,000 17.5 1.3 967,000 29,000 16.7 0.5 1.048
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 25,000 5,000 30.2 4.4 188,000 13,000 27.1 1.7 1.114
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 26,000 6,000 19.0 3.6 120,000 11,000 12.2 1.2 1.555
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 246,000 18,000 33.3 1.8 1,872,000 39,000 28.0 0.6 1.190
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 106,000 8,000 21.4 1.6 485,000 20,000 14.0 0.6 1.534
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 48,000 7,000 22.7 2.5 231,000 16,000 14.4 1.0 1.572
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 46,000 7,000 24.0 3.0 201,000 15,000 13.8 1.0 1.745
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 83,000 9,000 19.7 1.8 314,000 16,000 14.3 0.8 1.371
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 66,000 8,000 17.0 1.8 302,000 16,000 13.6 0.7 1.250
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 30,000 7,000 27.0 5.5 123,000 11,000 17.7 1.5 1.525
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 78,000 8,000 23.5 1.9 656,000 20,000 19.9 0.6 1.180
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 205,000 12,000 49.7 2.2 1,414,000 29,000 37.6 0.8 1.321
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 133,000 12,000 18.2 1.5 691,000 28,000 13.5 0.6 1.345
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 84,000 10,000 28.5 2.9 532,000 26,000 17.6 0.8 1.622
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 39,000 7,000 15.3 2.3 154,000 14,000 10.9 1.0 1.399
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 100,000 8,000 21.7 1.7 466,000 20,000 15.0 0.6 1.447
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 12,000 3,000 14.7 3.8 88,000 9,000 15.6 1.6 0.943
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 37,000 6,000 30.2 4.1 158,000 12,000 15.9 1.2 1.903
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 71,000 7,000 30.6 2.5 373,000 15,000 22.2 0.9 1.379
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 32,000 6,000 32.5 4.4 154,000 12,000 21.0 1.6 1.546
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 165,000 10,000 37.6 2.1 1,625,000 31,000 32.1 0.6 1.171
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 32,000 5,000 17.6 2.6 134,000 12,000 13.2 1.2 1.333
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 583,000 21,000 52.7 1.1 4,902,000 47,000 47.1 0.5 1.117
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 126,000 9,000 17.9 1.3 871,000 26,000 15.6 0.5 1.150
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 15,000 4,000 31.6 6.6 97,000 10,000 24.9 2.6 1.266
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 210,000 11,000 25.0 1.3 995,000 34,000 16.7 0.6 1.490
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 64,000 7,000 17.7 1.9 259,000 16,000 13.3 0.9 1.326
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 89,000 8,000 30.6 2.4 460,000 20,000 20.8 0.9 1.471
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 218,000 13,000 24.3 1.4 983,000 38,000 15.1 0.6 1.607
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 32,000 5,000 44.0 5.1 195,000 12,000 34.2 2.0 1.287
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 62,000 8,000 15.9 1.9 363,000 18,000 13.6 0.7 1.167
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 15,000 4,000 28.2 6.7 69,000 9,000 15.1 1.9 1.865
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 93,000 9,000 18.2 1.6 585,000 20,000 15.9 0.5 1.147
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 466,000 21,000 24.2 0.9 3,373,000 47,000 20.7 0.3 1.169
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 57,000 8,000 28.0 3.3 324,000 17,000 17.9 0.9 1.570
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 11,000 3,000 26.5 5.7 66,000 9,000 20.2 2.6 1.313
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 113,000 10,000 21.1 1.5 848,000 25,000 18.8 0.5 1.124
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 164,000 10,000 30.6 1.5 943,000 23,000 22.9 0.6 1.336
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 29,000 5,000 16.6 2.5 82,000 9,000 10.0 1.0 1.649
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 107,000 12,000 31.3 2.6 673,000 24,000 21.7 0.8 1.441
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 8,000 3,000 18.3 6.0 34,000 6,000 11.9 2.0 1.538
Puerto Rico 327,000 16,000 1,591,000 16,000 51,000 5,000 15.7 1.5 235,000 14,000 14.8 0.8 1.058
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability in apartments over the percentage of people without disability in apartments. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in apartment percentage.
*estimate either unavailable or too few sample observations.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 7.8). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 7.9 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Mobile Homes or Other Building Types for the United States and States: 2023

Table 7.9 Home Environment - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community in Mobile Homes or Other Building Types for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. In Mobile Homes - Dis. In Mobile Homes - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 1,823,000 36,000 8.5 0.2 8,067,000 99,000 4.6 0.1 1.841
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 79,000 8,000 18.3 1.5 291,000 18,000 11.7 0.7 1.567
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 3,000 2,000 4.8 3.0 14,000 5,000 4.0 1.5 1.202
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 48,000 6,000 10.3 1.2 228,000 16,000 6.0 0.4 1.709
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 46,000 6,000 16.1 1.9 140,000 11,000 9.5 0.7 1.698
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 99,000 10,000 4.9 0.5 584,000 26,000 2.7 0.2 1.812
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 16,000 3,000 4.7 0.7 103,000 11,000 3.2 0.3 1.480
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 1,000 1,000 0.6 0.4 10,000 4,000 0.5 0.2 1.155
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 6,000 2,000 8.1 2.9 32,000 8,000 6.4 1.5 1.276
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 * * * * * * * * *
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 144,000 11,000 11.1 0.8 644,000 28,000 5.5 0.3 2.000
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 91,000 8,000 12.2 0.9 406,000 19,000 7.0 0.3 1.742
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 200 310 0.2 0.4 2,000 2,000 0.3 0.3 0.711
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 14,000 5,000 10.5 3.1 55,000 9,000 5.6 1.0 1.871
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 27,000 5,000 3.7 0.7 117,000 11,000 1.7 0.2 2.137
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 34,000 6,000 6.9 1.1 128,000 12,000 3.7 0.4 1.864
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 11,000 4,000 5.0 1.6 43,000 8,000 2.7 0.5 1.851
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 8,000 2,000 4.2 1.2 47,000 7,000 3.2 0.5 1.302
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 69,000 8,000 16.3 1.8 197,000 14,000 9.0 0.7 1.806
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 66,000 7,000 17.2 1.6 277,000 15,000 12.5 0.7 1.371
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 12,000 3,000 10.8 2.3 53,000 8,000 7.6 1.0 1.420
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 6,000 2,000 1.8 0.6 33,000 6,000 1.0 0.2 1.781
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 3,000 2,000 0.8 0.4 16,000 4,000 0.4 0.1 1.767
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 60,000 7,000 8.2 0.9 222,000 16,000 4.3 0.4 1.885
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 15,000 5,000 5.0 1.5 73,000 10,000 2.4 0.3 2.072
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 45,000 7,000 17.9 2.2 198,000 14,000 14.0 1.0 1.275
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 38,000 5,000 8.2 1.1 133,000 10,000 4.3 0.3 1.912
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 10,000 3,000 12.1 3.5 42,000 7,000 7.4 1.3 1.622
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 4,000 2,000 3.2 1.2 22,000 5,000 2.2 0.5 1.436
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 15,000 4,000 6.5 1.6 76,000 10,000 4.5 0.6 1.443
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 7,000 3,000 6.7 2.3 29,000 8,000 4.0 1.0 1.680
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 6,000 3,000 1.5 0.5 29,000 8,000 0.6 0.1 2.505
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 35,000 6,000 19.2 2.4 167,000 14,000 16.5 1.4 1.163
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 42,000 5,000 3.8 0.5 161,000 12,000 1.5 0.2 2.451
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 115,000 9,000 16.4 1.2 588,000 25,000 10.5 0.5 1.559
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 4,000 2,000 8.3 3.9 19,000 4,000 4.8 1.1 1.733
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 44,000 6,000 5.2 0.7 164,000 12,000 2.8 0.2 1.881
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 40,000 5,000 11.0 1.4 141,000 10,000 7.3 0.5 1.517
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 29,000 5,000 9.8 1.6 134,000 12,000 6.1 0.6 1.616
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 46,000 8,000 5.2 0.8 158,000 13,000 2.4 0.2 2.136
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 700 600 1.0 1.1 3,000 3,000 0.6 0.4 1.806
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 82,000 9,000 21.2 2.0 364,000 17,000 13.6 0.7 1.550
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 4,000 3,000 8.6 4.3 29,000 7,000 6.5 1.4 1.334
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 66,000 7,000 13.0 1.3 272,000 16,000 7.4 0.4 1.761
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 174,000 13,000 9.1 0.6 1,031,000 41,000 6.3 0.3 1.430
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 10,000 4,000 4.7 1.8 37,000 7,000 2.0 0.4 2.301
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 4,000 2,000 9.8 4.5 13,000 3,000 3.9 1.0 2.513
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 35,000 5,000 6.6 0.9 156,000 12,000 3.5 0.3 1.905
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 47,000 7,000 8.8 1.3 187,000 15,000 4.5 0.4 1.943
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 38,000 6,000 22.1 2.8 107,000 11,000 13.1 1.3 1.690
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 18,000 5,000 5.3 1.5 63,000 9,000 2.0 0.3 2.580
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 6,000 2,000 15.4 4.5 28,000 5,000 9.7 1.7 1.593
Puerto Rico 327,000 16,000 1,591,000 16,000 200 240 0.1 0.1 2,000 2,000 0.2 0.1 0.356
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability in mobile homes over the percentage of people without disability in mobile homes. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in mobile home percentage.
*estimate either unavailable or too few sample observations.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 7.9). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.